11. K. playtestcloud how I earn $11 today playing game playtestcloud tutorial new update best way to make money online is testing game app and giving review today I. You also get €5 just for passing the acceptance test which isn't bad at all. Tests pay $9 for 15 to 30 minutes of. com has been based on an analysis of 40 facts found online in public sources. Call for mobile game testers! Hey guys, I'm the Community Manager at PlaytestCloud, we posted last month in /r/beermoney about a call for gamers who'd like to test games on iOS or Android and give feedback to the developers. By clicking “Accept,“ you agree to our website's cookie use as described in our Cookie Policy. From your first idea, to the weekly updates after launch, we‘ve got you covered. com. This ensures that enough people play the game at the same time in order. We are, however, working on offering more playtests to our global player panel - so watch this space! We have recently conducted playtests for players in multiple other countries around the world. This is the only method of payment currently available. Three years later Playdots launched Dots & Co, which quickly became a "Top 5" game in over 100 countries. If you have any other questions about PlaytestCloud, please get in touch with our Community. The review of playtestcloud. See what employees say it's like to work at PlaytestCloud. After you qualify we’ll invite you to playtests where you can earn money. Receiving rewards through Tremendous - how does it work? My Tremendous reward has expired! Is it possible to set up a default method for receiving my Tremendous reward? What info will I need to provide to get my Tremendous reward card? 1. PlaytestCloud was created to help game developers learn more about what players think about their games and if there are any issues that need to be addressed. Now all that's left for you to do is to wait for the results to come in. Downloading Our App For Android. Join in on our Meet The Experts Series where we introduce you to some of the experts in the field of games user research. When you send us a game to test we send your game off to our players to invite. PlaytestCloud is a money-making gaming app where you can join as a game tester and earn money. This article is the complete guide to getting your first playtest up. It’s only by gathering and responding to this feedback that companies and their games can be successful – and playtesting is the safest and most effective way to get it. The tasks will not be accessible while you are playing, so testers will need to leave the game in order to go back to the list. The interviewer will ask questions about their gameplay and experience during the session. If you. So far I've passed the sample tests for User Testing and What Users Do, and submitted sample tests to Validately and PlaytestCloud. But in most cases, a 15-minute test and follow-up survey will pay about $7 USD. You have 14 days after delivery of your order to pay the invoice. Playtestcloud is a legit platform to get paid playing games. Overall, we have no reason to believe PlaytestCloud is a scam. Yes, you can. If you have any questions, you can contact Tremendous directly at help@tremendous. From conceptualizing playtests to reporting on them, our experts are here to help. . The process of payment may take a few days after your complete test gets verified. Honestly. Why is there a new PlaytestCloud app? Apple is making some changes, which has resulted in us needing to adapt very quickly. Survey Tips. Redeem e-gift cards from $1 or withdraw $5 minimum payment from PayPal. 000. Use the app to: - Give feedback on mobile games, helping their creators make the best game they possibly can. This qualification test is to determine your eligibility in joining the PlaytestCloud tester panel. This includes the methods through which you prepare and submit your playtest or research study, and also how you access the. Established in 2012 with the goal of creating the best usability playtesting tools, PlaytestCloud helps customers access casual and hardcore gamers from the leading mobile gaming markets, including the U. It teaches you how to playtest. Builds & Distribution. It teaches you how to playtest. We power playtesting for 45 of the 100 top grossing games in the App Store. PlaytestCloud makes it easy to get videos of people playing your game, thinking out loud while they do – and getting started with your first playtest is easier than you might think. After you qualify we’ll invite you to playtests where you can earn money. PlaytestCloud | 2,544 followers on LinkedIn. PlaytestCloud. 1 article PlaytestCloud: Be a Playtester App. PlaytestCloud is a legitimate site that will pay you to test mobile games in your spare time. Our setups are flexible, affordable, and can accommodate any game and test structure. 1 article Playtester Video Library. Additionally, check if users have reported any issues with delayed or missing payments,. , U. Our platform allows you to follow the recruitment. 2. com biết rằng nhiều người sẽ nghĩ rằng đây là một cách để làm việc tại. America survey sites; Argentina survey sitesPlaytestCloud Select enables you to find players that have previous experience with games similar to yours. Frequently Asked QuestionsOther payment options include Dwolla, check, or gift cards for retailers like Amazon, Starbucks, eBay, Target, Walmart, and CVS. Automatically copy in your finance team when you receive new invoices. The PlaytestCloud Wrapper modifies the game code so that the game, when launched on the player’s device, will show a PlaytestCloud pre-roll explaining the game testing process. The "Most Likely Range". ”. If you use one PlaytestCloud account for multiple offices it's possible to select. 14 April 2022. But if you get invited, you are invited, rather than UserTesting where you might get screened out. PlaytestCloud provides an easy and effortless solution for playtesting. Vee. For studies that record think out loud audio and video, you typically make $10 on average. At PlaytestCloud, we work with game studios who are developing incredible games every day – both big and small. The site typically pays $9 per 15-minute test. Option 2 – Standalone surveys. Still, this is a great opportunity for gamers looking to earn a bit of extra cash in their spare time. 000+ players across all genres and demographics. PlaytestCloud offers a variety of game genres, from casual mobile games to PC and console games, so there’s something for everyone. Hasso Plattner Institute and Hasso Plattner Ventures are the most recent investors. Next steps. As the situation unfolds with COVID-19, we hope everyone out there is staying safe and healthy. You can earn by playing mobile games or by watching videos. Your data security is of our utmost concern – we have. PlaytestCloud claims to offer compensation for your time and feedback, but it’s important to understand how their payment system works. Marvel is a prototyping tool that allows you to build interactive prototypes for iOS and Android. The reward amount for each playtest can be found on your playtest invite. . The qualification test is unpaid. 12 دقائق للقراءة. The only difference is the configure your slides section on the. This affects both our testers and the developers that we are working with - but luckily you only need to think about the tester side! Right now, the most important changes to bear in mind are as follows:PlaytestCloud doesn’t have an in-app wallet hence you’ll receive funds straight to your PayPal account one to three days upon accomplishing tasks. 7. 10 articles Tips and How-tos for Testers. We find it a more reliable metric than let say, the number of hours spent in-game. At PlaytestCloud, we ensure that everyone has a voice. 00 to $25. Methods are approved by the Federal Trade Commission as sufficient to provide full verifiable parental consent under COPPA. Step 2: Installation procedure is quite simple. Autor: Ruben Aguirreche Actualizado: julio 23, 2022 freelancer. This one was a bit more in-depth, asking more specific questions about project management and playtesting. 00:20 -Signing Up. Most tests take 15-30 minutes to complete and pay $5-$9. . Glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it's like to work at PlaytestCloud, including salaries, reviews, office photos, and more. The interview process was very transparent. Read the invite email to know what PlaytestCloud wants you to do. With your consent, we may also use non-essential cookies to improve user experience and analyze website traffic. The reward payment for each playtest can vary depending on the tasks required during the playtests and the length of the playtest itself. The Wise Half. After you qualify we’ll invite you to playtests where you can earn money. - Record your gameplay and think out loud feedback while playing. The reward can be sent in the form of a PayPal payment or a virtual reward card. 05 May 2022. We recruit your perfect matches. With PlaytestCloud Multiplayer Testing, you can sit back and let us handle all of this. In fact, many have only a single member who governs this role. PlaytestCloud is a privately held gaming technology company offering solutions for the usability testing and playtesting of mobile games. If you fail the qualification test, don’t worry! You can retake the test. PlaytestCloud actually pays you through PayPal and unfortunately, this is their only option to pay to the people who complete their tasks. With PlaytestCloud's survey tools, you can create powerful surveys for every playtest, but using your own survey tool together with our playtests is possible as well. Our new feature that allows you to invite players from any old playtest to new ones – available for every single playtest type we offer (including surveys and player interviews ). Test ideas and early prototypes. You'll get a short, unpaid qualification test which will review your capabilities and then you'll be able to playtest! Watch the instructional video at the beginning and follow the advice given. Your opinion matters. From conceptualizing playtests to reporting on them, our experts are here to help. Durability. 28 July 2022 on Playtest Tasks. By Christian and 7 others 8 authors 41 articles. For example, we’ve hosted an ad playtest where ten ads were being compared against each other, with about 40 people in each test. Regardless of your method of payment. Submit your report and get paid. Download survey responses as Excel or CSV. However, don’t leave money on the table if the invite is interesting and particular if it’s in a category of your favorite games. S. As long as you have completed a playtest. We also run the following tests, which do not require any gameplay:The PlaytestCloud Indie Pass. - Record your gameplay and think out loud feedback. Playtesting with prototyping platforms like Figma is extremely easy because the only thing you need to deliver your draft to the players is a link. By Christian 1 author 3 articles. Sources we use are if the website is listed on phishing and spam sites, if it serves malware, the country the company is based, the reviews found on other sites, and many other facts. It’s important to be honest! Even negative feedback helps developers with the game so don’t be afraid to tell them what you thinkIn my PlayTestCloud Review, I will show you the positives and negatives of playing games for money. Its service has been used for 45% of the Top 100 grossing mobile games. Longitudinal playtests take place over a specified number of days, and require 1 recording session to be recorded each day. Use your own survey tool with PlaytestCloud 28 August 2023 on Surveys, Getting Started. Become a tester - PlaytestCloud. . Tips for maximizing earnings. Test new features after global launch. Can they help with the analysis as well?: Yes. Overdue undisputed invoices that remain unpaid for more than fifteen (15) days after the expiration of the Payment Period and that PlaytestCloud provided notice of late payment to Client for entitle PlaytestCloud to terminate or suspend Client’s access to the Platform without refund of any fees paid. The qualification test is unpaid. These successes have made Playdots a trailblazer in the games. We do not want you to have to provide any sensitive financial information, such as credit card or bank account numbers, so all you need to do is choose your reward and. If you fail the qualification test, don’t worry! You can retake the test. Payment depends on the complexity of the study. 4. But game testers don’t make money. com. By Christian and 3 others 4 authors 8 articles. Playtest your game or prototype. Our survey system is built for the needs of game studios. It starts at $3. Under the 'upload your game' tab click on browser game and insert your link at the bottom. They offer a fun way for you and your kids to participate in playtests for new games that have yet to be released to the public, provide valuable feedback, and earn cash. io is a prototyping tool that allows you to build interactive prototypes for iOS and Android. For example: Even if you have been asked to complete a 30-minute playtest, you will still need to continue talking through your thoughts if you record for. Since 2014 PlaytestCloud has helped studios reduce churn and drop-out rates while improving user-experience and player enjoyment. We support most survey tools, including Alchemer (formerly known as SurveyGizmo), SurveyMonkey, Question Pro and Limesurvey. It also makes sure that your players will be non-rejectors of your game's genre: For instance, if you're testing a Match-3 game, selecting Candy Crush Saga players makes sure that you will get testers who actually play similar. شرح PlaytestCloud: صادق؟. Before proceeding we suggest that. Billing: Payment methods, multiple billing. There are 3 rules to making a great playtest: Play the game somewhere quiet (no background noise). PlaytestCloud is funded by 2 investors. 22. If you do that you should have no problem. Behind the Scenes The Developers’ Perspective. WhatUsersDo I've gotten 2 invites, but both were full already. Generally, a 15 minute playtest and survey will have a reward of $5-9 USD but if you are ever unsure, please check the invitation email for the playtest. IV. Selection criteria for PlaytestCloud. It covers the principles and aims of playtesting, methodologies and approaches, player recruitment approaches and challenges, DIY approaches. PlaytestCloud | 2. You can acquire it by clicking on “Share” in the right-hand corner and later choosing “Copy link”. What Is the Payment Method for PlaytestCloud? All PlaytestCloud payments are made through PayPal. This is no accident, as we've designed our product to fit within the typical game development cycle. We've been reviewed by several third parties over the years as you can see here. Most recently they said they would pay for a 3 hour test (with four corresponding survey/questionnaires) $28. Audio Files: WAV, FLAC, MP3, M4A,. It's designed to help you to get an overview of what it looks like to carry out user research for mobile games. This page states you can expect payment within 7 days after you complete a test. Through them, we are able to offer our playtesters multiple ways to receive their rewards. That’s quick cash! PlayTestCloud pays $9 per test, so it’ll take a little longer to make that magic total of $20. At PlaytestCloud, our mission is simple: to help companies make games that players love. 7. Playtest from your home office with PlaytestCloud. Enter the email addresses of people you want to invite to the playtest in the box provided. Think-aloud protocol. Still, there’s no harm in signing up for both platforms. After you qualify we’ll invite you to playtests where you can earn money. com. . Become a tester - PlaytestCloud. This is a considerable downside, especially if PayPal is unavailable in your country. As of September 2020, we are excited to announce that you can now run concept tests with audio files and video files. Works in all stages. Also, not only can you run our standard tests you also have the option to run concept, multi-session, longitudinal, and survey tests. Note: Userlytics states “typical user tests will require 20 to 40 minutes to complete. If you have a question that is not included here, you can always ask our Community Manager at help@playtestcloud. Playtestcloud game testing takes much time. Although it has limited earning opportunities, it pays via PayPal and also allows you to earn up to $10 per playtest. Just upload your build, we and our panel of gamers will take care of the rest. Hay muchas aplicaciones y sitios web donde puedes ganar dinero jugando. How does PlaytestCloud Pay you? For completing tests, you will get paid right to your PayPal account. With the launch of Dots & Co, the studio achieved Three back-to-back global hits. Contact Email hello@playtestcloud. PlaytestCloud is a legit platform for testing video games that pays testers for reviewing upcoming mobile games. Video Game Publishing. K. Marvel is a prototyping tool that allows you to build interactive prototypes for iOS and Android. SEPA payments are considered via special request. VE. The qualification test is unpaid. The engineers at PlaytestCloud have been quite busy lately updating how we run concept tests at PlaytestCloud. Use the app to: - Give feedback on mobile games, helping their creators make the best game they possibly can. Additionally, there are a few standard sections that can be found within a post-playtest report: aim, methods and design, executive summary, description of findings, and next steps. For player quotes or survey responses you will share in writing, you may use these without obtaining consent as long as you do not reveal identifying. In the past playtesting with kids has traditionally been conducted inside a lab, which is a method that, on top of being more difficult to. RespondentEven though PlaytestCloud claims you can earn $36 for only one hour of gameplay, you must understand that this will likely never happen. Note: Userlytics states “typical user tests will require 20 to 40 minutes to complete. Plus, they are a great (albeit somewhat biased) first ‘arm’ of playtesters as you check in on the state of your build! 3. Everything you need to know about PlaytestCloud. 4/5. What reward methods are there? Getting your rewards. Instead of relying on PlaytestCloud’s player panel, you can add anybody to your playtest via their email address, allowing more flexibility to meet your playtesting needs. Submit your report and get paid. Based on positive reviews from real users on reputable sites like Reddit, PlaytestCloud is a trustworthy platform that actually pays you to test games. PlayTestCloud là một trang web trả tiền cho bạn để kiểm tra và đưa ra phản hồi về các trò chơi và ứng dụng video. Please stay safe, and all the best to you, your families and colleagues from all of us here at PlaytestCloud. The site says it tests more than 100,000 games per year, but has thousands of testers. Website Name – PlaytestCloud; Founder – Marvin Killing, Christian Ress; Date of Establishment – 1 October 2012; Location – Berlin, Germany; Pay Rate – $10 per hour; Payout Method – Paypal; Minimum Threshold – $0. Go to PlaytestCloud. How It Works. Billing. Once you. 45% of the 100 top grossing mobile games have been tested with PlaytestCloud. Just log in, check out all available playtests and surveys, and start participating. Overall, PlaytestCloud and its competitors have raised over ; $303M in funding across 61 funding rounds involving 142 investors. PlaytestCloud is a company that offers playtesting for mobile games during prototyping, development, soft launch, and after. » Jake Rundell on Getting Started 04 April 2022Founded Date Apr 30, 2014. The estimated total pay for a Game Tester at PlaytestCloud is $5,314 per month. PlaytestCloud is trusted by thousands of producers, user researchers, game designers and others passionate about player experience at: Assess the effectiveness of your tutorials and day 1 onboarding processes with our targeted playtesting services. Get your first competitor playtest for free (up to 2 players) Test the current industry leaders of any genre! With our Competitor Testing, you can see and hear how players interact with any game available on either Google Play or the App Store. If you are interested in more sites that offer a convenient payment method, I would recommend you also check out the top sites that pay via PayPal. Get feedback on your core game loops and session-to-session gameplay while you‘re actively working on it, even when your assets aren‘t at production quality yet. 50 and in general, the threshold is low and fast to reach. PlaytestCloud Response 2y. PlaytestCloud. PlaytestCloud Review? Get my #1 Recommended Online Training Here: - this video:In this PlaytestCloud review. If you can’t open or own an operational PayPal account that will allow you to receive funds, you should not bother opening an account with PlaytestCloud unless you. PlaytestCloud makes it easy to get videos of people playing your game, thinking out loud while they do – and getting started with your first playtest is easier than you might think. You are paid $5. Utilizing these headings can help frame your report in a way that allows readers to easily skim through to. PlaytestCloud GmbH, Otto-Suhr-Allee 145, 10585 Berlin, Germany (“PlaytestCloud”) has developed a software platform and service (the “Platform”) that enables PlaytestCloud Clients to run game tests and surveys for mobile and browser based games. Basically just a middle man taking care of the processor communication. 2. لذا فإن PlayTest Cloud هو تطبيق وموقع صادق حيث يمكنك ربح المال بمجرد اختبار التطبيقات. PlaytestCloud: How Our Pricing Works. - Bạn điền thông tin đăng ký vào form và nhấn Sign up. If you have any other questions about PlaytestCloud, please get in touch with our Community. If you do that you should have no problem. This is where you'll find all the info on becoming a great playtester!PlaytestCloud is a platform for game testing. We achieve this by using our playtesting software, which records both on-screen gameplay and what players say while playing (think-aloud testing). Use the app to: - Give feedback on mobile games, helping their creators make the best game they possibly can. It’s the most entertaining user testing you’ll do. Aside from that,. Pays through Paypal Upwork:. Understand player reactions during soft-launch. , or the United States. When the Covid-19 pandemic hit us, PlaytestCloud responded by redefining the way we work. If you and your kids do enjoy playing mobile games, you might be excited to know you can earn money doing so via PlaytestCloud. If you fail the qualification test, don’t worry! You can retake the test. Adobe XD is an all-in-one UX/UI solution for designing websites, mobile apps, and more. - Give your opinion on concepts or through surveys. Once you've completed the test, let us know so that we have a heads up about your issue. (كيفية الربح من الانترنت) يعد PlaytestCloud أحد أفضل مواقع اختبار الألعاب ، في رأيي. Another way you can earn from PlaytestCloud is through their standalone surveys. How To Make Money With PlaytestCloud in 2022 (For Beginners) Here is my #1 training to make passive income online 👇CLICK HERE ️ ️ ️ PlaytestCloud pays its users’ real cash via PayPal. Green flags: Founded in 2014. With PlaytestCloud, players test games in their natural environment and think-aloud while. Convenient payment method through PayPalPlaytestCloud offers you the ability to test your game in the prototype phase. This page states you can expect payment within 7 days after you complete a test. Just log in, check out all available playtests and surveys, and start participating. If you don't respond quickly after getting the email other people would have already accepted it and it will be full. Understand your players. Install it on your device; On the next page, enter the email address you used to sign up with PlaytestCloud and press "Request Log In Email" You’ll then receive your “Log in - PlaytestCloud: Be a Playtester” email. Get Paid. The PlaytestCloud iOS SDK is a small software package that adds touch indicators and security features into TestFlight builds. Here at PlaytestCloud, we have 1. The email will include: The timeline of the playtest, so. . All content is posted anonymously by employees working at PlaytestCloud. I've always been paid. Use the app to: - Give feedback on mobile games, helping their creators make the best game they possibly can. - Record your gameplay and think out loud feedback while playing. With PlaytestCloud, players test games in their natural environment and think-aloud while. Well, we're still on the lookout for testers! We're looking for lots of different skill levels. When you become a part of the tester panel you'll start receiving the real playtests that you get paid for. Below you will find information on how we. Their reason for paying was not following the "special. There are better ways to earn money online, and success doesn’t matter where you live; I like that it is free to join, and payment is. To run a concept test, login to your PlaytestCloud account and select Concept Test on the New Playtest page. In this section, we are listing some of the pros of using PlaytestCloud. com Playtester support: help@playtestcloud. For developers, PlayTestCloud offers a lens into the player’s mind. The game testers give their input on what they do and don’t like so that the developer can fine-tune the final product. At PlaytestCloud, we believe that going back to an office-first culture is a step backwards, especially with flexible working models and remote or hybrid options in such high demand. If you fail the qualification test, don’t worry! You can retake the test. When you ask a few players the same set of questions you will start to notice patterns emerging. Funding. Unless explicitly stated, we will not ask you to pay for anything in-game. The company has thousands of positive reviews and plenty of online payment proof. Basketball Battle by DoubleTap Software. We will be able to look at your profile and see if it was legitimate. Well, we're still on the lookout for testers! We're looking for lots of different skill levels. PlaytestCloud only accepts PayPal as a payment method for its members. . Multi-session playtests with 2 sessions are usually done overnight, and 3-5 sessions are usually done within 2 days. Payment Methods: All payments are made through PayPal. Users of the Playtestcloud platform report positive feedback about the site, with a number of them saying they have been testing with the site for a number of years. $ 1085 /mo Billed annually 120 Video Tokens per year Custom Compliance and Legal 14-day trial with 2 free Video Tokens Best for regular playtesting 240 Professional Advanced $ 2375 /mo Billed annually 240 Video Tokens per year 5 core playtesting services 1 Team License Competitor Testing Audience Targeting: Fully custom Billing Billing: Payment methods, multiple billing addresses, and more Automatically copy in your finance team when you receive new invoices Change your billing information Subscriptions, billing, invoices, and more Payment methods overview Change billing information. 1) Android games provided through build upload (APK/AAB file), iOS games provided through TestFlight (when using the PlaytestCloud SDK) These games are protected by: Access control. 11. Here for all your Tech ,Business,sidehustle and money making content !!!LIKE SHARE AND SUBSCRIBE for more videos and make sure to check out some of my other. This number represents the median, which is the midpoint of the ranges from our proprietary Total Pay Estimate model and based on salaries collected from our users. If you select this option, all of our players will be required to play during the same time slot. This is usually qualitative: about understanding how the game makes the player feel using. Selection criteria for PlaytestCloud. PlaytestCloud is a real, legitimate platform where you get paid to test mobile gaming apps. If you're asking how long before you receive your first opportunity to test, it varies. The qualification test is unpaid. Full Time Job From Home. …PlaytestCloud connects game developers with consumers willing to test their games for a fee. It’s pretty simple. Accessibility review. Great for pre-production. The tasks will only be featured in the app, not in the game itself. The task bubble will contain all the information in the text box on the right of the slide. PlaytestCloud’s Meet The Experts. This is why we offer all the playtesting tools you may need, from Multi-Session to Single-Session to Longitudinal Studies (aka our version of diary studies), hoping to allow you to better understand how and why players. It teaches you how to playtest. Frequently asked questions for PlaytestCloud Testers. The platform also bills developers in advance to ensure you get paid for your hard work. Our most frequently requested prototyping tools is Figma, however, we also support Principle, Adobe XD, InVision Proto. This qualification test is to determine your eligibility in joining the PlaytestCloud tester panel. How Long Do I Have To Complete A Playtest? Most playtests are sent automatically after being created. Get Paid. Its service has been used for 45% of the Top 100 grossing mobile games. PlaytestCloud provides an easy and effortless solution for playtesting. For you, it's a chance to make some money on the side while improving mobile games!. Loop11: Pay range and payment method are unknown UserZoom: $5 to $10 per test. . Complete the survey after playing and provide some detail in your responses (there is a survey to complete after every playtest). The payout threshold depends on the payment method you prefer. ~ perhaps once or twice a week at best. The site has been used for 45% of the top 100 grossing mobile games. Analysis: Analysis is the process of considering something carefully or using statistical methods in order to understand it or explain it. Validately says new tests are available daily, but you may not always be eligible for them. These apps pay you to test mobile games. In summary, the benefits and drawbacks of PlaytestCloud are as follows: Pros. If you can’t open or own an operational PayPal account that will allow you to receive funds, you should not bother opening an account with PlaytestCloud unless you. We record the players’ screen, their touches and what they have to say at all times. Please bear in mind that this is a one-time payment based on a good completion of the whole. Manage multiple billing addresses. Competitors: Unknown. Prototype testing. It teaches you how to playtest. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Concept testing is a great way to test anything from the pre-game art style to brand new animations. The reward payment for each playtest can vary depending on the tasks required during the playtests and the length of the playtest itself. Unfortunately, we can’t disclose the decision making process or rules behind this or check out individual cases.